11.   Use a pastry cutter or fork to blend together shortening and flour mixture until it becomes a coarse meal.

12.   Using a pastry cutter or fingers, cut in or blend butter into flour mixture until dough resembles coarse crumbs.

13.   Using a pastry cutter, cut in the butter until the mixture resembles coarse crumbs.

14.   With a pastry cutter or two knives, cut cold shortening into dry ingredients, or use food processor, pulsing until dough looks like coarse meal.

15.   Use a pastry cutter and blend until mixture resembles fine breadcrumbs.

16.   Using a pastry cutter or round-bladed knife, work and mix to a soft dough.