11.   So testing blood for antibodies to the missing viral proteins can easily distinguish between vaccinated and infected animals.

12.   The designations H and N refer to specific viral proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.

13.   They inserted into mice a viral protein that is expressed in islet cells.

14.   To find out, they provided mice with different types of antibodies, made in response to different viral proteins, and then exposed the animals to rotaviruses.

15.   Viral proteins and skin proteins both spill out of the cell.

16.   When a cell is infected with a virus, like the AIDS virus, it puts fragments of viral proteins on its surface, like flags signaling distress.

17.   When researchers looked in protein databases, trying to match viral protein fragments with self-protein fragments, their amino acids did not always line up exactly.

18.   It involves first injecting one or more HIV genes, which are taken up by muscle cells and used as blueprints to make viral proteins.

19.   Normally, when a virus infects a cell, the cell displays bits of viral proteins on its surface like red flags to alert the immune system.