1.   There are many different ways to make these measurements on unstable nuclei.

2.   In the case of certain unstable nuclei, the forces interact to allow single protons to tunnel through the barrier confining them within the nucleus and escape.

3.   There are only a few ways in which unstable nuclei can transform themselves.

4.   These unstable nuclei decay via radioactive processes, converting a minuscule amount of their mass into energy in the process.