1.   Universal democracy needed a civil war to end slavery and a constitutional amendment to let women vote.

2.   It is argued democracy needs to be redefined in function and meaning.

3.   Participatory democracy does need to be strengthened to promote active citizenship at local and national levels.

4.   But a democracy also needs leadership -- leadership that speaks to citizens in terms of reality, not popularity.

5.   Constitutional democracies need to believe that there is a point where politics stops and law starts.

6.   Democracy also needs American support throughout Africa.

7.   Democracies need to keep their nerve.

8.   Democracies need honest parties, parties that admit their mistakes and purge their rotten elements, more than they need forces for integration in the political center.

9.   Our representative democracy needs reform.