1.   As a senior at the University of Colorado, she joined Mexican-American and black students in demanding affirmative-action programs.

2.   Critics of affirmative action say that it is unfair to black students to be forced to compete against whites who are better prepared for demanding academic work.

3.   He was shunned by friends but persisted in his duty, finally issuing an ultimatum to officials to open the school to black students or go to jail.

4.   If an institution did not meet those criteria but was well-known and would be of significant interest to black students, it was added to the survey.

5.   In May, the court let stand a lower court decision halting a University of Maryland program that gave scholarships exclusively to black students.

6.   Last May, the high court let stand a lower court decision halting a University of Maryland program giving scholarships only to black students.

7.   While keeping the tradition of extending hope to black students, Spikes said that Southern has also been actively recruiting nonblacks.

8.   Penn State University students are celebrating the end of a bitter eight-day standoff after negotiating an agreement with school officials to increase opportunities for black students.