81.   The suspensions are retroactive from the date of the first offenses in each sport.

82.   Under federation rules, a first doping offense carries an automatic lifetime ban.

83.   Under FINA rules, diuretics carry a minimum two-year suspension for first offenses, and steroids carry a minimum four-year ban.

84.   Under standard rules, an athlete is suspended after a first offense.

85.   Under the rules a warning, or yellow card, is given for a first offense.

86.   Violations are punishable by up to two years in prison for a first offense and two to five years for each additional offense.

87.   Under Canadian policy, a first doping offense carries a four-year suspension.

88.   Violators of the Laotian directive will be subject to confiscation of the poached animals, fines and a warning for their first offense.

89.   While the minimum penalty has been reduced to two years for a first offense, the rule against a second offense will remain a lifetime ban.

90.   While some international federations have a two- or four-year suspension for a first steroid offense, the weightlifting body imposes a life ban.