11.   The drug companies that sponsor the studies say they pay subjects for their time and inconvenience, not for exposing themselves to hazards.

12.   The Endowment sponsored the study by the Institute, a nonprofit group in Davis that studies a range of rural issues.

13.   The fund was established as a blind trust by the industry to sponsor independent studies on the health effects of cell phones.

14.   The NIAAA sponsored the study.

15.   The Norwegian government is sponsoring the study.

16.   The results could affect treatment decisions, said Kevin Robert Frost, director of the American Foundation for AIDS Research, which sponsored the studies.

17.   The study was sponsored by a philanthropic group, the California Health Care Foundation, and carried out by researchers affiliated with Rand Inc.

18.   The study was sponsored by Diacrin, Inc., a Boston company, in collaboration with Genzyme.

19.   The study was sponsored by Merck and Co., which makes Fosamax.

20.   The study was sponsored by the Mineral Policy Center, American Rivers, American Fisheries Society and Trout Unlimited.