1.   An espresso spoon, which many restaurants use, is a reasonably effective substitute.

2.   But Regina Baker thinks her modern interpretation of the fabled American sales gathering is an effective substitute.

3.   But tossing it out without an effective substitute is a problem.

4.   Law enforcement officials long ago realized that officers cannot be everywhere and a camera can be an effective substitute or deterrent.

5.   In addition, garlic mixed with vegetable oil, one litre of water and a tablespoonful of detergent can be an effective substitute for chemical-based insect repellents.

6.   She cautioned that over-the-counter fiber supplements are not effective substitutes.

7.   The silk also could be used to make artificial ligaments or tendons, Lewis said, for which there are no effective artificial substitutes now.

8.   Here again there is a dispute over whether effective substitutes are available.