1.   The material consisted of a gene which manufactures the protein coats of the red stripe virus.

2.   Tests in other transgenic plant species show that protein coats taken from viruses appear to confer protection against them.

3.   So scientists have replaced the HIV protein coat with that of a cattle virus that seems to be able to infect many different types of human cells.

4.   The other key ingredient, they found, is a region of the bacteriophage protein coat called Gol.

5.   The organism that causes hepatitis C is a virus that regularly changes its external protein coat in subtle ways that enable it to escape the immune system.

6.   The virus carries its genes in eight pieces of RNA that are packaged together in a protein coat.

7.   The virus can survive in such environments because it belongs to a family with particularly tough protein coats.

8.   Then they would introduce a mutation so the viral RNA would not reproduce but the protein coat would continue to be made.

9.   They labeled the DNA core with radioactive phosphorus and labeled the protein coat of the phage with radioactive sulfur.

10.   Viruses evolve fast, continually changing their protein coats.