1.   Melanin producing cells in our bodies are activated by ultraviolet light from the sun and can have a protective effect.

2.   The presence of significant amounts of haemoglobin F has a protective effect against sickling and such individuals express relatively mild disease.

3.   They also show a protective effect of pregnancy and current use of the contraceptive pill.

4.   These findings suggest that anaerobic bacterial activity has a protective effect on the ileal mucosa.

5.   These results indicate that dietary phosphate does not inhibit the protective effects of dietary calcium on luminal solubility and the lytic activity of fatty and bile acids.

6.   The protective effects of dietary calcium on the lytic activity of faecal water and on colonic proliferation have been ascertained in many rodent and human studies.

7.   However, the mechanism of these protective effects as well as the proposed inhibitory effect of phosphate have hardly been studied in vivo.

8.   Only Hu et al reported recently that phsophate inhibits the protective effects of calcium on epithelial proliferation caused by intrarectally instilled deoxycholate.