1.   But in most cases the issuers have no insurance, collateral or other ways to guarantee payment.

2.   Do issuers have a responsibility to protect their tax-exempt status?

3.   From the standpoint of fraud prevention, card issuers have great incentive to promote the devices, he said.

4.   If the PSLs are privately issued, the issuer has to pay income tax on them.

5.   In an open financial marketplace that functions efficiently, investors require reliable information that issuers of securities have an interest in providing.

6.   In part, credit card issuers have themselves to blame, by loosening controls in a frantic scramble for business, Reger said.

7.   Investors are tiptoeing back into emerging markets now that the huge premium that issuers had to pay at the height of the financial crisis has begun to shrink.

8.   Issuers would also have to keep records of bids they received, to prove the prices were competitive.

9.   Like bonds, interest payments on the securities are tax deductible, and issuers have the option to call the notes at a set date.

10.   Munis issuers had to raise yields of the bonds to attract investors, given their concern about the tax laws and Orange County.