1.   America, no less than Israel, is inextricably tied to the Muslim-Christian tug-of-war that began in the seventh century when Arab armies first conquered Palestine.

2.   Muslims may first have encountered paper when Arab armies conquered Central Asia in the eighth century.

3.   Once the German army had conquered Poland and the western Soviet Union, Hitler had millions of Jews in his power.

4.   The second came in the seventh century, when Islamic armies conquered the region.