11.   A variety of private lawsuits have been filed seeking financial penalties against the five music companies.

12.   Adopted by Congress a quarter-century ago, the Clean Water Act gave citizens broad powers to enforce environmental laws through private lawsuits.

13.   Bristol, Caldera and Sun have filed private antitrust lawsuits against Microsoft.

14.   But never before has the government offered open-ended compensation as an alternative to private lawsuits after a large-scale disaster.

15.   But that court expressed faith that private lawsuits for damages would keep potential violators in line.

16.   But the deal soon fell apart in Congress, and the private lawsuits brought by the Castano Group were either thrown out of court or are still pending.

17.   But they did not disclose the pattern to government safety regulators for four years, out of concern that private lawsuits would be compromised.

18.   But the Supreme Court said Tuesday that the private lawsuit was not authorized by Title VI, which itself prohibits only intentional discrimination.

19.   But the Supreme Court said Tuesday that the private lawsuits were not authorized under the law at issue, Title VI, which itself prohibits only intentional discrimination.

20.   Citigroup acquired Associates last year and has been trying to settle regulatory investigations and hundreds of private lawsuits.