1.   One involves incorporating dUTP instead of dTTP into reaction products.

2.   After multiplex PCR with the three primer pairs, the reaction products were fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis.

3.   This can be calculated by subtracting the sum of all the free energies of the reacting substances from the sum of the free energies of the reaction products.

4.   But the acid or base in the new process is solid, not liquid, remaining separate from the reaction products and easy to recover.