1.   Coke, needed to convert iron ore to steel, is made by heating pulverized coal in high-pressure ovens.

2.   Nucor, for example, has built a pilot plant in Trinidad to convert iron ore, which is iron oxide, into iron carbide.

3.   Nucor, for example, is converting ore into iron carbide, a form of the metal that can be added to scrap.

4.   The Kroll process converts titanium ore into titanium tetrachloride and then reacts it with liquid magnesium to produce titanium metal and magnesium chloride.

5.   Coke is then used in blast furnaces to convert iron ore into iron, which can be further refined to produce steel.