81.   When a gene directs messenger RNA to make a protein, it activates machinery that produces a linear chain of amino acids that code for the protein.

82.   When the virus is activated, Epstein said, it makes a protein that releases natural brakes on cell growth.

83.   When normal E. coli encounters a damaging compound in its environment, it responds by making proteins.

84.   When the cell makes its normal proteins, it inadvertently makes the protein whose recipe is in the inserted gene.

85.   With the DNA key, they hope to make the protein in the lab and test it on blood samples, first from rabbits and then humans.

86.   Other methods include putting genes into cancer cells, which grow endlessly in lab cultures, or into farm animals, which make the proteins in their milk.

87.   Cambridge-based TKT had developed another method to produce a similar drug by inducing human cells to make the protein in a laboratory culture.

88.   It involves first injecting one or more HIV genes, which are taken up by muscle cells and used as blueprints to make viral proteins.

89.   Next, they insert a copy of a gene into these cancer cells that makes a protein that activates disease-fighting white blood cells.

90.   Often, they isolate a human gene that carries the code for making a protein and splice it into yeast or bacteria, which multiply in fermentation vats.