1.  The experience of trying to force one's perceptions into preconceived categories, and the pain and distortion that this has often led to, is now used as a basis by feminist theorists for the argument that to see feeling as "contaminating" objective, scientific knowledge points to a distortion of conceptualisation.

2.  Harding (1986) argues that since scientific knowledge (the epistemological paradigm) is in any case used for social ends, social aims should determine the formulation of scientific or epistemological problems.

3.  Marx had expected the communists to come to power in the most developed industrial societies of the West, where there would already be considerable accumulated wealth, scientific knowledge, and industrial capital to provide well-being for all.

4.  The unsatisfactoriness of the competing claims of various philosophers first led him to the belief that scientific knowledge of nature was unattainable by the human mind.

5.  So one has acquired scientific knowledge when one has a series of syllogisms which, on the basis of "formal" definitions and other first principles, demonstrates that certain properties of a species must belong to it.

6.  Scientia , or scientific knowledge, consists of syllogisms such that the derivation of conclusions from their premisses mirrors the "flowing" of properties from forms.

7.  Running through Gassendi's forthright rejection of the Aristotelian apparatus of definitions of "forms" and syllogistic demonstration of scientific knowledge, is something more positive.

8.  If there is an "instrument" of scientific knowledge, it is not the content of Aristotle's Organon , but "painstaking experience".

9.  More specifically, the scholastic conception of scientia , or scientific knowledge, was thought to be an inappropriate model for empirical knowledge of nature.

10.  As we have seen, scientia , or scientific knowledge as the seventeenth century understood it, was not something which could be obtained from an observation-based study of the natural world.