1.   The modular system is less likely to encourage the development of cumulative subject knowledge and does not involve assessment through summatative exams.

2.   Bush would require states to develop teacher accountability systems, and says they could include assessments based on student performance and subject knowledge.

3.   In the rest of the state, teachers are fully licensed after passing a state certification exam, which tests their subject knowledge.

4.   It would require states to adopt performance exams for all new teachers to demonstrate subject knowledge.

5.   The test, of basic literacy and subject knowledge, has been given four times over the past year, and each time, about half the candidates failed.

6.   Last fall, a handful of teachers were fired and lost their licenses after they were caught cheating on examinations that test basic skills and subject knowledge.