1.   The NASD rulings stem from an investigation disclosed last year by E-Trade itself.

2.   The ruling on Wednesday stems from a Broward County rape case.

3.   The ruling stems from a lawsuit filed on behalf of Rosalie Harman, a longtime child-welfare worker.

4.   The ruling stems from an incident six years ago when a pregnant woman was hit by a drunken driver and her baby was still-born four days later.

5.   The ruling stemmed from the case of a Massachusetts man, Dennis J. Sullivan, who had HIV and later developed AIDS.

6.   The ruling stems from a lawsuit filed by Tracy Ragsdale, a shoe factory worker in Arkansas.

7.   The ruling stemmed from a lawsuit by a juror who said he saw a judge fall asleep during a murder trial.

8.   The ruling stems from a two-part trial before Ballachey, who was called out of retirement to hear the case.

9.   The unanimous ruling stemmed from the case of Ella Williams, a Toyota auto plant worker who claimed her carpal tunnel syndrome was aggravated by her work.

10.   The Supreme Court ruling stems from the first challenge to the law.