1.   More likely than not, it has a restraining effect.

2.   The existence of a rapid-reaction headquarters with mobile teams could also have a restraining effect on combatants, he said.

3.   While they were not able to force them to keep to barracks, the presence of the monitors appeared to have a restraining effect.

4.   According to Riksbanken, the Swedish krona is currently undervalued and its likely appreciation will have a restraining effect on inflation.