1.   In the usual process, sodium atoms in the surface layer of the glass are replaced by potassium atoms.

2.   The initial experiments involved one beam of hydrogen bromide molecules and one beam of potassium atoms.

3.   The object of their attention is the single electron in the outermost electron shell of a potassium atom.

4.   The potassium atoms, being slightly larger, make for a tighter fit among the glass molecules, compressing them.

5.   The sprinkled potassium atoms added enough electrons to the nanotube that its behavior changed to that of a negative-type transistor, where current is carried by electrons.