1.   Constructive ideals of training and rehabilitation were translated into penal policies that appeared to be meeting their objectives.

2.   The abolitionist stand does provide a warning beacon against which penal policies, such as prison building programmes, might be assessed.

3.   These mainly constructive changes in penal policy were not matched by changes within the prison system.

4.   To understand the reasons for this we need to look at penal policy in a wider economic and social framework.

5.   In order to ease the flood of suspects into detention centers, human rights advocates and prison officials say, Russia needs to reconsider its penal policy.

6.   What becomes of a penal policy that on its face is a sham?