1.   Affirmative action does not necessarily mean granting preferences.

2.   But UGA has not changed policies that grant a preference to African-American applicants.

3.   Dole asked the Congressional Research Service to compile a list of all federal laws granting preference on the basis of race, sex, national origin or ethnic background.

4.   Hatch, who has introduced legislation to bar the federal government from granting similar preferences, has said he believes the California measure is constitutional.

5.   In another step bound to anger many police officers, the city is also considering granting preferences in hiring and promotion to officers who live in New York City.

6.   In some cases they have maintained a strong antagonism toward granting preferences in government contracting or in employment.

7.   Last week, Senate majority leader Bob Dole called for the end to all federal programs that grant a preference to women and minorities.

8.   Long-standing UC policies grant preferences to some ethnic minorities in admissions, hiring and the awarding of contracts.

9.   Programs that grant preferences to minorities have been under intense legal and political scrutiny.

10.   The court also said the law granted preference to members of organized religions, but not to non-members with their own beliefs.