1.   Compared to luminous giant galaxies like the Milky Way, dwarf galaxies are faint and fuzzy, like celestial ghosts.

2.   Our own Milky Way and other giant galaxies probably grew from collisions of smaller galaxies, a group of astronomers concludes from new observations of the distant past.

3.   Some of the blue dwarfs of a few billion years ago probably have dissipated rather than becoming part of giant galaxies, he said.

4.   Their work adds evidence against the once-dominant theory that each giant galaxy condensed from its own primordial cloud of gases.

5.   Several teams of astronomers are working on an even bigger scale, looking at the motions and distributions of the giant galaxy clusters.