1.   As the cells in the flower buds expand, they press on the bud scales, the outer petals.

2.   Cleaning up fallen leaves is important, but some spores will remain in the bud scales.

3.   Dormant buds, covered in bud scales, had already formed in axils and on twigs.

4.   The only leaves left on the trees are tiny little new ones called bud scales, which protect the buds while they are lying dormant for the winter.

5.   The spores spend the winter on fallen leaves and in bud scales of trees and shrubs.