51.   No scientific papers had been presented on the work and the team had not submitted their results for peer review before making the announcement at a press conference.

52.   No article has yet been submitted for peer review and publication in a scientific journal, an essential touchstone of credibility.

53.   Observers say the case could force changes in law and in the rules of peer review.

54.   One change championed by Nordenson is peer review of large-scale structural engineering plans, rather than the existing self-certification system in which engineers vouch for their own work.

55.   Other experiments with scientific communication and peer review are beginning to emerge.

56.   Peer review is a process whereby an article submitted to a scientific journal is vetted by experts before the journal editor decides whether to publish the paper.

57.   Placing research studies on line, Ms. Fleming said, muddies the water between shoddy work and research that has been through peer review, which scholarly journals use.

58.   Placing research studies online, Ms. Fleming said, muddies the water between shoddy work and research that has been through peer review, which scholarly journals use.

59.   Research results are expected to be submitted for peer review and, if they are accepted, published in scientific journals.

60.   Roth would rely on peer review to double check that cost-benefit analysis.