31.   Betselem and other groups have said that Palestinian detainees are routinely deprived of sleep for long periods, tied up in painful positions and severely beaten to extract confessions.

32.   Both have denied the charge and said their confessions were extracted only through brutal treatment by Saudi authorities.

33.   But authorities have been accused of using torture and intimidation to extract confessions.

34.   But in their closing arguments on Tuesday, the defense lawyers reiterated that Anwar never ordered police to extract the confessions.

35.   CARE Australia officials said threats may have been made against local staff or against Wallace to extract the confession.

36.   Chen alleged that police tortured the four to extract confessions.

37.   Chinese police are often accused of extracting confessions with beatings and mistreatment.

38.   China acknowledges that law enforcement officers torture suspects to extract confessions.

39.   Confessions are often extracted under torture, as in the case of the Tibetan monk Bagdro.

40.   Criminal defendants in Japan often confess during intense police interrogations, only to claim later that their confessions were extracted under duress.