31.   It has already received approval in the United States and Europe for a different blood substitute for dogs.

32.   Northfield Laboratories Inc., Biopure Corp. and Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp. also are working to develop a viable blood substitute.

33.   The blood substitute was developed by Biopure, a biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Mass.

34.   The push to find a blood substitute has been intense because artificial blood could ease the effects of whole-blood shortages.

35.   The South African company said it had received approval to sell a blood substitute in South Africa.

36.   Twenty-four critically ill patients died after being given a blood substitute without their informed consent, according to U.S. officials.

37.   French scientist Jean Riess has developed a temporary blood substitute called Oxygent which is undergoing final clinical trials in the United States before being put on the market.

38.   Riess said he was quite sure an artificial blood substitute would be available before the end of the century.