11.   Xinjiang has long been a flashpoint for ethnic tension as Uighur separatists have waged a sporadic and limited campaign of violence, characterised mainly by bombings and riots.

12.   Kurdish separatists have been waging a decade-long war to establish a separate Kurdish homeland in southeastern Turkey.

13.   No group has so far claimed responsibility for the attack, but Kurdish separatists have been waging an armed insurgency against the authorities for an independent Kurdistan.