11.   Analysis of results was performed using the Research Systems Integrated Data Analysis System developed by Bolt, Beranek, and Newman Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.

12.   Specificity and sensitivity values were calculated and statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametric data.

13.   When indicated, sphincterotomy was performed using a standard Erlangen type sphincterotome.

14.   Non-linear regression of the specific binding curve weighted by the inverse of the variance was performed using the Multifit computer programme on an Apple McIntosh computer.

15.   Comparisons between the various subgroups of patients were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test.

16.   Statistical analysis of unpaired data was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and of paired data using the Wilcoxin test.

17.   The juice vitamin concentration data showed skewing and therefore analyses were performed using non-parametric methods.

18.   Unpaired analyses between groups were performed using a Mann-Whitney rank test.

19.   Statistical analysis was performed using correlation coefficients, t tests, and Mann-Whitney U test.

20.   Western blot analysis was performed using an antibody to CREB as described in materials and methods.