11.   The basic histopathological phenomenon in pernicious anaemia is severe chronic atrophic gastritis in the proximal acid producing gastric mucosa.

12.   Perhaps additional factors such as alcoholism, chronic gastritis, and chronic use of drugs are responsible in some cases.

13.   However, Pyloriset Latex identified the lowest number and the Bio-Rad GAP test diagnosed the highest number of patients with both H pylori and chronic superficial gastritis.

14.   Similar findings have also been reported in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, Which suggests that they have been infected with H pylori at some point in their lives.

15.   Helicobacter pylori is recognised as a significant cause of chronic antral gastritis and important in the aetiology of peptic ulceration.

16.   Proximal migration of the fundic-pyloric junction has been documented with ageing, associated with an increase in the prevalence of chronic gastritis and gastric atrophy.