1.   In this new world, any departure from the narrowest fiscal path is hazardous to the health of the offending country.

2.   Offending countries would ultimately be subject to action by the UN Security Council.

3.   Bank of France officials agree with Germany that an addition to the treaty should be written in, making clear what and when offending countries would pay.

4.   Failure to win certification could require a cutoff of U.S. aid and a U.S. vote against World Bank loans to the offending countries.

5.   Germany wants the stability pact to spell out precisely the circumstances under which offending countries could escape sanctions.

6.   It would be better, economically, if the trade organization required an offending country to lower other trade barriers until it eliminated the one that prompted the dispute.

7.   Ms. Barshefsky even argued that China had ceased to be a high-scale exporter of pirated goods, moving way down the list of offending countries.

8.   Cases could lead to trade sanctions if the United States wins and the offending country refuses to eliminate the barriers.

9.   Critics have questioned whether international cases against leaders of an offending country can amount to anything more than show trials where vengeance rather than justice is exacted.

10.   Duties would then stay until a solution is negotiated with the offending countries.