1.   In the transgenic mouse model, hepatocellular damage, including multinodular regenerative hyperplasia, raised transaminase activities and eventual tumour formation have been described.

2.   Moreover, one experimental study showed increased tumour formation with dietary calcium.

3.   Williamson and Rainey have made the important observation that ileal resection reduces the latent period for tumour formation but not the overall tumour yield.

4.   In animal models of oesophageal carcinogenesis, gastro-oesophageal reflux promotes tumour development but reflux alone does not cause tumour formation in the absence of a carcinogen.

5.   Increased proliferative activity in gastrointestinal epithelium promotes tumour formation and inhibition of proliferation reduces tumour incidence.