1.   Interest rates have been pushed up by concerns that speculators could force a devaluation of the Hong Kong dollar.

2.   Interest rates were pushed up by concerns that speculators would force a devaluation of the Hong Kong dollar.

3.   Rates were pushed up by concerns that speculators would force a devaluation of the Hong Kong dollar.

4.   Speculators then forced the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia to also devalue their currencies, increasing their foreign debt and slowing economic growth.