1.   General Motors Corp. Executive Vice President Richard Wagoner sharply criticized the Japanese government, saying it has helped push the yen to record lows against the dollar.

2.   Rising money market rates would make yen-denominated investments more attractive to foreign investors, which would push the yen higher.

3.   That helped push the yen down against the dollar.

4.   A rising surplus tends to push the yen higher.

5.   Higher interest rates would have tended to push the yen up against the dollar.

6.   Market expectations for Hashimoto to disclose further tax cut measures also helped push the yen higher.

7.   Recent stock market gains have increased investment flows into Japan, pushing the yen higher.

8.   Surging share prices helped push the yen higher, dealers said.

9.   The decline paused Tuesday when Eisuke Sakakibara, a senior Japanese finance official, said Japan would not push the yen up to trim the surplus.

10.   The yen-mark trading, as a result, pushed the yen higher against the dollar, they said.