1.   This genus living in the bronchi of cattle, sheep, horses and donkeys is the major cause of parasitic bronchitis in these hosts.

2.   Dictyocaulus viviparus is the cause of parasitic bronchitis in cattle, also known as husk, hoose, verminous pneumonia or dictyocauliasis.

3.   First, a parasitic bronchitis characterised by the presence of hundreds of even thousands of adult worms in the frothy white mucus in the lumina of the bronchi.

4.   The clinical syndrome is often termed postpatent parasitic bronchitis.

5.   This syndrome of postpatent parasitic bronchitis has been described above.

6.   Parasitic bronchitis is predominantly a problem in areas such as northern Europe which have a mild climate, a high rainfall and abundant permanent grass.

7.   The anthelmintics available for the treatment of bovine parasitic bronchitis are the modern benzimidazoles, levamisole or ivermectin.

8.   The reasons underlying this are still under study, but are probably similar to those which produce postpatent parasitic bronchitis.