1.   When the mark gains against European currencies, it generally rises against the dollar too, as speculators seek all opportunities to buy marks.

2.   When the mark gains against its European counterparts, it usually rises against the dollar too, as speculators seek more opportunities to buy the German currency.

3.   When the mark gains versus European currencies, it often rises against the dollar too, as speculators seek multiple opportunities to buy the German currency.

4.   When the mark gains against other European currencies, it usually rises against the dollar too, as investors seek all opportunities to buy marks.

5.   The dollar also benefitted from mark gains against the yen, dealers said.