1.   Consider first a case in which no cognitive map is needed.

2.   Now consider an ingenious experiment which almost forces us to suppose that an animal has a cognitive map.

3.   The other is to build up a cognitive map of the region to be traversed.

4.   These cases suggest that animals can form cognitive maps.

5.   We do not know how cognitive maps are stored in the brain.

6.   The rats used their cognitive maps to achieve the goal, showing they had learned the maze.