1.   Given declining male participation rates, employment would have grown only half as fast without these sources of additional labour.

2.   An increasing imbalance between accumulation and supplies of additional labour requires the faster scrapping of old plant to speed up the transfer of workers to new means of production.

3.   With little additional labour available, employers compete fiercely for labour to operate newly installed machinery.

4.   In rural areas several wives also mean additional unpaid labour to held tend the fields.