51.   If the state appeals, a trial will likely be held.

52.   In May, a state appeals court overruled that decision, saying it was based on mere speculation.

53.   In that case, a state appeals court drew a distinction between fraud and confusion.

54.   In October, a state appeals court said journalists are not protected from being ordered to testify in criminal cases.

55.   In San Francisco, Judge Joanne C. Parrilli, a state appeals judge, agreed.

56.   In that case, Florida vs. Davis, a state appeals court ruled that a reporter could be compelled to produce non-confidential information, Ms. Kirtley said.

57.   Ito acted after a state appeals court, in an extraordinary rebuke, rejected his proposed instructions to jurors.

58.   James Hopkins, a former New York state appeals judge and a county executive in Westchester, died Friday at Northern Westchester Hospital in Mount Kisco, N.Y.

59.   Judges are loath to reopen cases, and state appeals courts dislike intervening on anything but procedural issues.

60.   Justice Isaac Rubin, a former New York state appeals court judge from Westchester County, died Saturday in a hospice in the Bronx.