51.   Boosting that rate, in effect, encourages investors to hold rubles and discourages investors who have rubles from selling them for dollars.

52.   A common theory behind the effect is that many investors sell losers for tax purposes in December, and that those castoffs are often small issues.

53.   A growing deficit hurts the currency by putting more dollars into the hands of Japanese exporters, who sell them for yen when repatriating revenue.

54.   A bigger gap leaves more dollars in the hands of foreign companies, which often sell them for other currencies when bringing money home.

55.   A growing surplus puts more dollars into the hands of Japanese exporters, who sell them for yen when repatriating revenue.

56.   A growing gap puts more dollars into the hands of foreign exporters, who sell them for other currencies when bringing money home.

57.   A rising Japanese trade surplus puts more dollars into the hands of Japanese exporters, who sell them for yen when returning revenue to Japan.

58.   A New Jersey biotech company gained the right to sell it for the treatment of a debilitating complication of leprosy.

59.   A shrinking trade surplus helps the U.S. currency because it means fewer dollars in the hands of Japanese exporters, who sell them for yen when repatriating overseas profits.

60.   A smaller trade gap leaves fewer dollars in the hands of Japanese exporters, who must sell them for yen.