11.   Quantum effects are now invoked to explain everything from the periodic table of the elements to the existence of the universe itself.

12.   Quantum effects were not confined to the small.

13.   Quantum effects used to be an odd abstraction, with little relevance to our daily existence.

14.   Some think the best hope is to abandon digital computers all together and invest in more radical designs using DNA or bizarre quantum effects.

15.   The question is where in the progression from atoms to objects do the quantum effects leave off and where does hard-edged reality begin?

16.   With thinner layers, quantum effects led to the leakage of electrons across the silicon dioxide layer, shorting out the circuit.

17.   And then, quantum statistical effects become important.