11.   The physics prize went to Martin L. Perl of Stanford University and Frederick Reines of the University of California-Irvine.

12.   The physics prize went to Robert C. Laughlin of the United States, Horst L. Stoermer of Germany and Daniel C. Tsui, a China-born American citizen.

13.   The Nobel citation accompanying the physics prize noted that the research has recently shed unexpected light on the first moments of the universe.

14.   The Nobels, which celebrate their centennial this year, started Monday with the naming of the medicine prize winners, followed by the physics prize on Tuesday.

15.   The physics prize was to be announced later Tuesday.

16.   The physics prize was to be announced Tuesday, the prizes in chemistry and economics on Wednesday and the peace prize winner on Friday.

17.   The physics prize went to three U.S. scientists for discovering that at extremely low temperatures a rare form of helium can flow without losing energy to friction.

18.   The physics prize will be split equally among the three winners.

19.   The physics prize went to three U.S. scientists for discovering that at extremely low temperatures a form of helium can flow without losing energy to friction.

20.   The winners of the physics prize discovered subatomic particles called the tau and the neutrino.