11.   The added oncogene goaded normal pancreatic cells into uncontrolled growth, going through a number of stages leading to tumors that grew until they eventually killed the mice.

12.   The duct cells are precursors that give rise to other pancreatic cells.

13.   The scientists used special culture techniques to coax pancreatic ductal cells, which normally secrete very little insulin, to churn out larger amounts of insulin.

14.   These precursor cells formed at least four types of pancreatic cells, including those that secrete insulin and two other hormones known as glucagon and somatostatin.

15.   He said such a vaccine would, in effect, educate the immune system not to attack pancreatic cells that have the GAD gene.