11.   The district and plaintiffs argue that all employees have a legitimate role in the desegregation effort, and raises for them are justified.

12.   The most successful and popular desegregation efforts nationwide, Orfield has found, involve countywide districts that embrace suburbs and cities.

13.   Ultimately, the desegregation efforts also failed to improve student performance.

14.   But the dispute over money was inextricably tied to the fights over race and schools in a city that has long been a prime battleground for desegregation efforts.