11.   The negative charges draw a sheath of positively charged ions in the liquid next to them.

12.   The new compound is a positively charged ion, or molecular fragment, consisting of five nitrogen atoms chemically bonded to each other in a V pattern.

13.   The torus is a cloud of thin gas made up of charged ions of oxygen, sulfur and other elements.

14.   This clump of positively charged ions attracts a second electron, which then receives a kick of momentum from the vibrating lattice.

15.   This leaves each atom one electron short, resulting in positively charged ions.